The Mahasanghikas (Mahāsāṃghikas) were one of the earliest and most influential schools of Buddhism. Emerging during the first schism within the Buddhist monastic community, they played a pivotal role in the development of Mahayana Buddhism. Here’s a deeper exploration of their origins, beliefs, and impact:
Origins and Historical Context:
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First Schism: A schism is basically a split or division that occurs within a group or organization due to disagreements or differences in beliefs, practices, or opinions. The Mahāsāṃghikas originated around the 4th century BCE, roughly a century after the death of the Buddha. The schism that led to their formation occurred during the Second Buddhist Council, traditionally dated around 383 BCE. This council was convened to address disputes within the Sangha (monastic community) over various doctrinal and disciplinary matters. The schism resulted in the formation of two main groups: the Sthaviras (Elders) and the Mahāsāṃghikas (Great Community).
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Name Significance: The term (Mahasanghikas) Mahāsāṃghika means “Great Community,” reflecting their claim to represent the majority of the Sangha. This name also suggests their more inclusive and flexible approach to monastic discipline and doctrine, in contrast to the more conservative stance of the Sthaviras.
Beliefs and Doctrines of Mahasanghikas:
Nature of the Buddha: One of the defining features of Mahāsāṃghika thought was their exalted view of the Buddha. They believed in the transcendental and supramundane nature of the Buddha, emphasizing that he was beyond ordinary human limitations. According to them, the Buddha possessed extraordinary powers and omniscience, and his physical body was merely an illusory manifestation to teach beings.
Multiple Buddhas and Bodhisattvas: The Mahāsāṃghikas were among the first to develop the concept of multiple Buddhas and Bodhisattvas existing simultaneously across different realms. This idea laid the groundwork for the later development of Mahayana Buddhism, which greatly expanded on these concepts.
Bodhisattva Ideal: While early Buddhism emphasized the Arhat path—where the goal is individual liberation—the Mahāsāṃghikas placed greater emphasis on the Bodhisattva ideal. They believed in the importance of working for the salvation of all beings, not just one’s own liberation. This altruistic approach became a cornerstone of Mahayana Buddhism.
Scriptures and Texts: The Mahāsāṃghikas produced several important texts, including versions of the Vinaya (monastic rules) and various sutras. They are also associated with some of the earliest forms of Prajnaparamita literature, which later became central to Mahayana philosophy.
Influence on Mahayana Buddhism:
The (Mahasanghikas) Mahāsāṃghikas’ liberal interpretation of the Buddha’s teachings and their emphasis on the Bodhisattva ideal made them a key influence in the emergence of Mahayana Buddhism. Many of the ideas they promoted—such as the existence of countless Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, the concept of upaya (skillful means), and the emphasis on compassion—became central to Mahayana thought.
Geographical Spread: The Mahāsāṃghikas were particularly influential in regions like Andhra (where Dhanyakataka/Amaravati was located), Gandhara, and Central Asia. Their teachings spread along trade routes, influencing the development of Buddhism in these regions and beyond, including in China and other parts of East Asia.
Decline and Legacy of Mahasanghikas:
Over time, the Mahāsāṃghika school, like many early Buddhist schools, declined as distinct sects, particularly with the rise of Mahayana Buddhism, which incorporated many of their ideas. However, their influence persisted in the doctrinal and philosophical foundations of Mahayana, which continues to be a major tradition in Buddhism today.
The Mahāsāṃghikas’ contributions to Buddhist thought, particularly their views on the nature of the Buddha and the Bodhisattva path, are regarded as crucial in shaping the diverse and rich landscape of Buddhist philosophy and practice.